This chapter aligns with Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation and Goal 14: Life below water by aiming to critically review previous research on the presence of heavy metals, microplastics, and organic contaminants in urban waters and to synthesize the current knowledge of various urban water pollution sources.

This chapter aligns with Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation and Goal 14: Life below water by compiling and analyzing available data in the literature on the distribution of plastics/MPs in global oceans/seas and rivers and estimated riverine plastics outflows to global oceans.

This chapter aligns with Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation and Goal 3: Good health and well-being by arguing that SW resources, aquatic ecosystems, and unsuccessfully treated wastewater on water courses must be effectively treated to prevent hostile health risks that have long-term as well as short-term effects on human health.

This chapter aligns with Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation, Goal 3: Good health and well-being, and Goal 14: Life below water by summarizing different types of wastewater, its effects on freshwater ecosystem, and remedies to reduce the effect of these effluents on freshwater ecosystem and indirectly on humans.

This chapter advances SDG goals 6 and 11 by focussing on Kenya's inland, coastal and marine resources, and their associated stressors and threats to ecological integrity. It provides key recommendations to promote societal benefits and enhance sustainable management of these aquatic resources.

This chapter supports SDG 6 by summarizing the current approaches for evaluating pathogen fate and transport in the environment, their removal during subsurface transport in porous aquifers and the needed infection protection to achieve safe drinking water.

This chapter aligns with Goal 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities and 6: Clean Water and Sanitation by reviewing Kenya's inland, coastal and marine resources, their associated stressors and key recommendations to promote societal benefits and enhance sustainable management of these aquatic resources.

This chapter aligns with Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation and Goal 14: Life below water by arguing that further steps for the optimal management of MPAs should aim to improve the efficiency of the whole plastic waste management cycle, thus preventing and reducing debris entering the marine environment.

This chapter advances SDG 6 and 9 by identifying and investigating state-of-the-art remediation approaches and technologies that help the disposal of hazardous sewage for sustainable and safe reuse.