The sampling of interstitial fluid for real-time assay requires techniques that are sensitive, rapid, painless, minimally invasive and easy to use by patients. Microneedles can be incorporated into biosensors with subsequent use of these platforms for continuous monitoring or bio-chemical detection of analytes in the dermal interstitial fluid. Supports the goal of SDG 3.8 to achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, access to quality essential health-care services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all.